Modern AI systems are excellent at finding patterns, but they often struggle to answer a more fundamental question: why something happens. Correlation-based models can predict outcomes accurately, yet they cannot reliably distinguish between coincidence and causation. This limitation becomes critical in domains such as healthcare, finance, policy design, and risk modelling, where decisions must be justified with causal reasoning rather than statistical association alone....
Imagine a relay race. Each runner takes the baton, covers their distance, and passes it on. The success of the team depends not on a single star, but on how seamlessly the baton moves from hand to hand. Express.js middleware works the same way. Each function takes the “request baton,” performs a task, and either responds directly or passes it along to the next...
